Written by X. G. Lu, and J. Xu
https://doi.org/10.2118/186431-MS
SPE-186431-MS
Published by the Society of Petroleum Engineers
Sourced from the SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition, 17-19 October , Jakarta, Indonesia, 2017
Copyright: 2017. Society of Petroleum Engineers
Abstract
This paper presents selected effective technologies and best practices to improve oil recovery from mature fields through waterflooding optimisation. These technologies are proved practical, applicable and cost-effective. They can effectively facilitate further development of mature fields, which is more important than ever before in the current economical down-turn environment.
First, this paper summarises and discusses several pragmatic approaches to optimise waterflooding of sandstone reservoirs. These methods have proved to be beneficial for expanding sweep, thus increasing ultimate recovery. Next, the authors introduce two methods to evaluate the effectiveness of application of these technologies, which can support both qualitative evaluation of the successfulness of the applications; and quantitative estimate of incremental recovery. Finally, this paper illustrates the best practices of each waterflooding optimisation technology and the associated reservoir dynamic performance.
Waterflooding optimisation aims at expanding volume sweep to recover bypassed oil in undrained areas or remaining oil in poorly swept areas. The main established approaches include (a) zonal water injection, (b) changing direction of fluid flow, (c) subdividing injection-production unit, (d) water shut-off to improve areal sweeping efficiency, and (e) cyclic water injection. These techniques are particularly applicable to multi-layer, vertically and laterally heterogeneous reservoirs at the high water-cut production stage. One best-practice example shows that converting comingled water injection into zonal injection has successfully arrested production decline, and resulted in an 11.8% incremental recovery. In another reservoir with 98% water cut and 54.5% recovery of changing injection direction by modifying well pattern has led to a 10% incremental recovery by. In still another example, subdivision of injection-production unit combined with infill wells has achieved incremental recovery ranging from 9% to 20%. A further case illustrates that, compared with continuous water injection, cyclic injection had led to reduced water production, lowered water-cut and increased recovery, and resulted in an incremental recovery of 1.84% EUR.
To conclude, maximising reservoir sweep efficiency is the core step of waterflooding optimisation. The techniques and best practices discussed in this paper possess both technical and economic viability. Effective application of those methods is an essential part of profitable reservoir management of mature fields.